Banu Najiyah revolt
The Banu Najiyah Revolt was a Kharijite uprising against the authority of the fourth Rashidun caliph, Ali ibn Abi Talib, led by Al-Khirrit ibn Rashid who was previously Ali's governor of Ahwaz.
Banu Najiyah revolt is covered here in 5 connected parts: Banu Najiyah revolt, ashairah: key facts and timeline, History of ashairah, ashairah in the Philippines, Kharijite Rebellions (657–661).
Banu Najiyah revolt
The Banu Najiyah Revolt was a Kharijite uprising against the authority of the fourth Rashidun caliph, Ali ibn Abi Talib, led by Al-Khirrit ibn Rashid who was previously Ali's governor of Ahwaz. Khirrit gathered support from various factions that had refused to pay the Sadaqah tax and were generally opposed to Ali during the turmoil of the First Fitna. Khirrit also gained support from local Christians and fought against Ali's forces on the coasts of the Persian Gulf, where he was ultimately defeated.[1]
Battle of al-Madhr
Ziyad ibn Khasafah approached Ali and warned that the defection, while small, could lead to larger numbers of people leaving Ali's side. Ziyad proposed pursuing the defectors to bring them back. Ali ordered Ziyad to pursue them as far as Dayr Abi Musa, where Ziyad subsequently stationed 120–130 troops.[1]
Raid of Kufa and Oman
Al-Khirrit raided Kufa, killing a group of inhabitants from the city and plundering the area. Khirrit then traveled to Oman and killed Al-Hilu ibn Awf Al-Azdi, Ali's governor of Oman.[1]
Battle of Ramhormoz
Khirrit's army began moving toward the hills of Ramhormoz, aiming for a fortified castle. Local residents informed Ma'qil of their movement, and the armies met near the hill. Ma'qil organized his troops and encouraged them to fight, placing Yazid ibn al-Mughaffal on the right wing and Minjab ibn Rashid, a Basran troop leader, on the left.[1]
Battle of the Persian Gulf
Khirrit established himself near the coast, gathering support from the Banu Abd al-Qays and other Arab allies. His tribe had not paid taxes during the year of the Battle of Siffin and owed two years' worth of Sadaqah payments. Consequently, Ma'qil marched against them with an army of Kufans and Basrans.[1]
Aftermath
Masqalah ibn Hubayrah al-Shaybani, Ali's governor of Ardashir-Khwarrah, agreed to buy the 500 war prisoners from Ma'qil for one million dirhams. Masqalah agreed to pay in installments but freed the prisoners without informing Ali. Ali wrote a letter to Masqalah criticizing his actions and demanding the remaining 500,000 dirhams.[1]
Related: ashairah: key facts and timeline · History of ashairah · ashairah in the Philippines
ashairah: key facts and timeline
Background
In 658–659, Al-Khirrit ibn Rashid, who had fought alongside Ali during the Battle of the Camel and the Battle of Siffin, declared his opposition to the Caliph.[1]
Related: Banu Najiyah revolt · History of ashairah · ashairah in the Philippines
External references: [1]
History of ashairah
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Related: Banu Najiyah revolt · ashairah: key facts and timeline · ashairah in the Philippines
ashairah in the Philippines
Write this section, then cite a source for it.
Related: Banu Najiyah revolt · ashairah: key facts and timeline · History of ashairah
Kharijite Rebellions (657–661)
The Kharijite Rebellions (657–661) were a series of uprisings and insurgencies launched by the Kharijites against the authority of the fourth caliph, Ali ibn Abi Talib. The movement emerged during the First Fitna when a faction of Ali's army seceded after the Battle of Siffin, rejecting the decision to seek arbitration with the Umayyad governor of Syria, Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan, under the slogan "Judgment belongs to God alone." The conflict began at Harura and reached its peak at the Battle of Nahrawan in 658. Although Ali's forces destroyed the main Kharijite army, the movement persisted as a decentralized insurgency across Iraq, Iran, and Bahrain.[3]
Background
The Kharijite movement originated from the deadlock at the Battle of Siffin in July 657. As Ali's Iraqi forces gained the upper hand, Mu'awiya's Syrian army fixed copies of the Quran to their lances as a plea for arbitration. While Ali was initially reluctant, a significant portion of his army insisted on accepting the truce.[3]
Battle of Nahrawan
The path to Nahrawan began with an ideological confrontation in Kufa. After the Kharijites interrupted Ali's sermon at the Great Mosque of Kufa, they regrouped at the camp of Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi. To avoid detection, the dissidents, including Hurqus ibn Zuhayr and Hamza ibn Sinan, fled Kufa at night in small groups toward Al-Mada'in.[3]
Participation
During the civil war, a faction of five hundred Kharijites led by Farwa ibn Nawfal al-Ashja'i did not engage in the Battle of Nahrawan due to their hesitancy to fight Ali. However they considered revolt against the first Umayyad caliph, Mu'awiya I, to be lawful.[3]
Assassination of Ali
On 28 January 661, a Kharijite dissident named Abd al-Rahman ibn Muljam struck Ali with a poisoned sword in the Great Mosque of Kufa. This act was intended as a triple assassination of Ali, Mu'awiya, and Amr ibn al-As to end the civil war, though only the strike against Ali succeeded. Ali died of his wounds two days later at the age of sixty-two.[3]
Impact on Hasan's caliphate
The Kharijite insurgency directly contributed to the collapse of Hasan's authority. During the mobilization at Al-Mada'in, a Kharijite-led mutiny broke out within Hasan's ranks. A rebel named Al-Jarrah ibn Sinan attacked and wounded Hasan, accusing him of unbelief (kufr).[3]
Ahl al-Da'wa Movement
During the Muslim conquest of Persia, Uthman had recruited troops from the Azd tribe from Oman. Many members of the Azd tribe after their victories in Persia had settled in Basra. During the First Fitna, the Azd tribe fled back to Oman while carrying the ideas and thoughts of the Kharijites, which would later contribute to the foundation of Ibadism.[3]
Related: Banu Najiyah revolt · ashairah: key facts and timeline · History of ashairah
Images
References
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i “Banu Najiyah revolt”. Wikipedia. Text adapted from Wikipedia under CC BY-SA 4.0. Rewrite it in your own words where you can. Encyclopedia Retrieved 2026-10-31
- ↑ ^ “shiaonlinelibrary.com / %D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8/3425_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B0%D8%B1%D9%8A/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B”. shiaonlinelibrary.com. Link found on the Wikipedia page. Open it, check it and fix this title before relying on it. Web page Retrieved 2026-10-31
- ↑ a b c d e f g h “Kharijite Rebellions (657–661)”. Wikipedia. Text adapted from Wikipedia under CC BY-SA 4.0. Rewrite it in your own words where you can. Encyclopedia Retrieved 2026-10-31
- ↑ ^ “www.iranicaonline.org / articles/ali-b-abi-taleb”. iranicaonline.org. Link found on the Wikipedia page. Open it, check it and fix this title before relying on it. Organization Retrieved 2026-10-31
- ↑ ^ “referenceworks.brill.com / search”. referenceworks.brill.com. Link found on the Wikipedia page. Open it, check it and fix this title before relying on it. Web page Retrieved 2026-10-31
Further reading
- “referenceworks.brillonline.com / entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/muawiya-i-SIM_5279”. referenceworks.brillonline.com. Link found on the Wikipedia page. Open it, check it and fix this title before relying on it. Web page Retrieved 2026-10-31
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